Unit III · Topic 1International law – Definition, nature and basis – Previous Year Questions

2. Which one of the following statements is correct:

1. (a)The U.N. Charter makes for compulsory membership.
2. (b)The U.N. Charter grants to all States a right to membership.
3. (c)The U.N. Membership is conditional and limited.
4. (d)The U.N. Charter does not make any distinction between the original and subsequent members.✓

5. The Monistic Theory is associated by:

1. (a)Oppenheim
2. (b)Brownlie
3. (c)Kelsen✓
4. (d)Brierly

3. Who said 'International Law is the vanishing point of jurisprudence'?

1. (a)Austin
2. (b)Holland✓
3. (c)Kelsen
4. (d)Bentham

6. Match the statement in List-I with its author in List-II:

Codes:

1. (a)A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4✓
2. (b)A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
3. (c)A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
4. (d)A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

A by John Austin, who denied international law as true law.

B by William Blackstone, integrating customary international law into common law.

C by Michael Akehurst, who challenged the necessity of opinio juris as a precondition.

D by Hersch Lauterpacht, recognizing binding potential in certain General Assembly resolutions.

1. Human Rights Commission was discarded in 2006 and its successor is:

1. (a)Human Rights Committee
2. (b)Human Rights Council✓
3. (c)International Committee of Red Cross
4. (d)Amnesty International

3. Assertion (A): International law is generally not enforceable.

Reason (R): International law is generally observed by States in practice.

Options:

1. (a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
2. (b)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)✓
3. (c)(A) is true, but (R) is false
4. (d)(A) is false, but (R) is true

5. According to proponents of dualism, both international law and municipal law differ in terms of:

Options:

1. (a)1, 2 and 3 are correct
2. (b)2, 3 and 4 are correct
3. (c)1 and 2 are correct✓
4. (d)2 and 4 are correct

Where:

Terms of their subjects

Terms of their basis

Terms of binding nature

Terms of their existence

1. Who stated that international law is not true law but 'positive international morality' only, analogous to the rules binding a club or society?

Options: (a) Oscar Schachter

1. (b)John Austin✓
2. (c)Louis Flenking
3. (d)Hans Kelsen

4. Which of the following statements is true?

Options: (a) Nationality is the evidence of the link or relations of an individual with the State whereas domicile denotes de facto residence of an individual in a State with an intention to permanently settle there

1. (b)Nationality is an evidence of residence of an individual with an intention to permanently settle there
2. (c)Domicile denotes the link of relations of an individual with the State
3. (d)None of the above

1. If International Law were only a kind of morality, the framers of state papers concerning foreign policy would throw all strength on moral argument. But as a matter of fact, this is not what they do. They appeal not to the general feeling of moral rightness, but to precedents, to treaties and to opinions of specialists. They assume the existence among statesmen and publicists of a series of legal as distinguished from moral obligations in the affairs of nations." This observation is made by:

Options:

1. (a)Frederick Pollock✓
2. (b)L. Oppenheim
3. (c)Hans Kelsen
4. (d)P.C. Corbett

1. Who among the following said that the law of nations is "the body of legal rules which apply between states and such entities as have been granted international personality"?

Options:

1. (a)Fenwick
2. (b)Oppenheim
3. (c)Schwarzenberger✓
4. (d)Verdoss

4. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:

Options:

1. (a)2 1 4 3✓
2. (b)1 2 3 4
3. (c)4 3 2 1
4. (d)3 4 1 2

8. Under international law, which of the following cases affirmed that treaty obligations override municipal law provisions among contracting states?

Options:

1. (a)Navlila Incident Case
2. (b)Greco-Bulgarian Communities Case✓
3. (c)Panevezys Saldutiskis Railway Case
4. (d)Polish Postal Service Case

1. "International Law is defined as Law of Nations or International Law is the name for the body of customary and conventional rules which are considered legally binding by civilized States in their relation with each other." This statement is attributed to:

Options:

1. (a)Charles G. Fenwick
2. (b)J.G. Starke
3. (c)J.L. Brierly
4. (d)L. Oppenheim✓

3. Which of the following statements is true?

Options:

1. (a)Pacta tertius nec nocent nec prosunt means the UN Charter cannot bind non-members✓
2. (b)The General Assembly has the essential element of binding decision
3. (c)The Security Council is an advisory body only
4. (d)The Security Council may never take action involving use of armed forces

5. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:

Options:

1. (a)4 2 3 1
2. (b)4 3 2 1
3. (c)3 4 1 2
4. (d)4 3 1 2✓

6. Which of the following statements is true?

Options:

1. (a)A recommendation of General Assembly may be without true legal effect, it may have effects of a moral and political character✓
2. (b)A decision of General Assembly may be with true legal effect, it may not be without effects of a moral and political character
3. (c)A decision of General Assembly is immoral and unethical, if it is without true legal effect
4. (d)None of the above

1. Which of the following statements are true?

Options:

There is no rule to determine when usage shall give rise to a custom.

Customary rules of International Law are diminishing and being replaced by treaties and conventions.

Treaty contracts are not direct sources of International Law.

International Law is a positive morality.

Codes:

1. (a)1, 2, 3 & 4
2. (b)2, 3 & 4
3. (c)1, 2 & 3✓
4. (d)1 & 2

2. "The law of National or International law may be defined as the body of rules and principles of actions which are binding upon civilized states in their relations with one another." This definition was given by:

Options:

1. (a)J.L. Brierly✓
2. (b)Torsten Vitel
3. (c)Hackworth
4. (d)None of the above

2. Which of the following jurists regard the controversy "whether international law is a law" as a dispute about words and not things?

Options: (a) Lawrence

1. (b)Austin
2. (c)Hobbes
3. (d)Hart

6. Assertion (A): International law is not a law.

Reason (R): It lacks determinate superior political authority to enforce its rules.

Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

1. (b)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)✓
2. (c)(A) is true, but (R) is false
3. (d)(A) is false, but (R) is true

1. Assertion (A): According to John Austin, international law is not true law but merely international morality.

Reason (R): Three elements in Austin's definition of law — command of a sovereign, duty of inferiors, and sanction for breach — are absent in international law.

Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

1. (b)Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not a correct explanation of (A)
2. (c)(A) is true, but (R) is false✓
3. (d)(A) is false, but (R) is true

2. "International law is international morality, ethics, or convention in a social sense, distinct from enforceable law" was said by:

Options: (a) Hobbes

1. (b)Pufendorf
2. (c)Bentham✓
3. (d)Kelsen

1. "Form of rules accepted by civilized states as determining their conduct towards each other and each other's subjects, is defined as international law" was held in:

Options:

1. (a)S.S. Lotus case
2. (b)West Rand Central Gold Mining Co. v. King✓
3. (c)Queen v. Keyn
4. (d)L. Oppenheim

3. Which of the following statements is true?

Options:

1. (a)The community to be recognized as an international person should be organised
2. (b)Control over definite territory is desirable
3. (c)Control over territory must be permanent
4. (d)The community must be independent✓

4. Which of the following statements is correct?

Options:

1. (a)Primary responsibility of international peacekeeping lies with the General Assembly
2. (b)The Security Council is a deliberative organ
3. (c)Members may refuse to follow Security Council advice
4. (d)The Economic and Social Council executes the responsibilities under Chapter-IX (Articles 55-60) under General Assembly supervision✓

6. Which of the following statements is true?

Options:

1. (a)Mere counting of heads is enough to assess the authority of a General Assembly resolution
2. (b)Mere counting of heads is not enough to assess authority; legal weight depends on nature and consensus✓
3. (c)Mere counting of heads assesses the integrity of General Assembly
4. (d)None of the above

1. Match List-I with List-II and give the correct answer by using the codes given below:

Code: (a) 3 2 4 1

1. (b)1 3 2 4
2. (c)2 4 3 2
3. (d)1 2 3 4

1. "International law may be defined in broad terms as the body of general principles and specific rules which are binding upon the members of the International Community in their mutual relations." Who has given this definition of Public International Law?

1. (a)J.G. Starke
2. (b)Charles G. Fenwick✓
3. (c)Whiteman
4. (d)Torsten Ghl

1. "International Law or the Law of Nations is the name of body or rules which according to the usual definitions regulate the conduct of the states in their intercourse with one another." Who has given this definition?

1. (a)Hack Warth
2. (b)Charles G. Fenwick
3. (c)Gray✓
4. (d)Whiteman

3. In which case did Justice Gray remark: "International law is a part of our law and must be ascertained and administered by the courts of justice of appropriate jurisdiction as often as questions of right depending on it are duly presented for administration"?

1. (a)Nicaragua v. U.S.
2. (b)Paquete Habana case✓
3. (c)U.S. v. Schooner
4. (d)U.S. v. Canada

1. Who of the following has remarked that International law is a "Living and Expanding Code"?

1. (a)Judge Alvarez
2. (b)Lord Chancellor Sankey✓
3. (c)J.G. Starke
4. (d)Prof. Lissitzyn

1. Who has stated that "As a matter of fact International law is neither a myth on the one hand nor a panacea on the other, but just one institution among other which we can use for the building of a better International order"?

1. (a)Prof. Louis Henkin
2. (b)J.L. Brierly✓
3. (c)J.G. Starke
4. (d)Oppenheim

4. Which of the following statement/statements is/are incorrect?

There are five prominent theories of relationship between International law and Municipal law.

According to Dualism Theory, law is a unified branch of knowledge.

'Monism' and 'Dualism' are diametrically opposed to each other.

Wright, Kelson and Duguit are prominent exponents of Dualism Theory.

Codes:

1. (a)2 and 4 are incorrect✓
2. (b)1, 2 and 4 are incorrect
3. (c)Only 4 is incorrect
4. (d)1, 2, 3 and 4 all are incorrect

1. Whose observations are these on the point that whether international law is a mere positive morality?

“If International Law were only a kind of morality, the framers of State papers concerning foreign policy would throw all their weight on moral arguments, but as a matter of fact, this is not what they do. They appeal not to the general feeling of moral rightness, but to precedents, to treaties, and to opinions of specialists.”

1. (a)H.L.A. Hart
2. (b)Oppenheim
3. (c)Edward Collins
4. (d)Frederick Pollock✓

6. Assertion (A): International law is not potent enough to restrain a powerful state that disregards public opinion.

Reason (R): Sanctions behind international law are weak.

Codes:

1. (a)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)✓
2. (b)Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3. (c)(A) is true, (R) is false
4. (d)(A) is false, (R) is true

1. "International law must be continuously developed by revision in content, expansion of scope and improvement of the means of securing compliance, so that it is kept in accordance with the changing needs of the international community." This statement is made by:

1. (a)Strake
2. (b)Edward Collins✓
3. (c)L. Oppenheim
4. (d)W. Frieman

3. Assertion (A): According to the exponents of Monism Theory, law is a unified branch of knowledge, whether it applies to persons or other entities.

Reason (R): In view of Monistic writers, in the ultimate analysis of law we find that man is at the root of all laws.

Codes:

1. (a)Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)✓
2. (b)Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3. (c)(A) is correct, (R) is wrong
4. (d)(A) is wrong, (R) is correct

1. Who has remarked that International Law is the vanishing point of Jurisprudence because in his view, rules of International Law are followed by courtesy and hence they should not be kept in the category of law?

1. (a)Prof. H.L.A. Hart
2. (b)J.G. Starke
3. (c)Louis Henkin
4. (d)Holland✓

1. Who has criticized International Law by remarking: "... this pompous law of Nations which is so eloquent in books and silent in the cabinets of diplomats."?

1. (a)Emmanuel Kant✓
2. (b)Edward Collins
3. (c)H.L.A. Hart
4. (d)J.G. Starke

2. Who of the following is not the exponent of Dualism Theory?

1. (a)Triepel
2. (b)Anzilloti
3. (c)Hegel
4. (d)Duguit✓

1. Read Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and answer using the codes given below:

Assertion (A): Customary International Law, if not contrary to the Municipal laws, shall be deemed to have been incorporated in the Domestic Law and shall be followed by the courts.

Reason (R): Sustainable development as a balancing concept between ecology and development has been accepted as part of customary International Law.

Codes:

1. (a)(A) is right, but (R) is wrong
2. (b)Both (A) and (R) are right and (R) is the correct reason of (A)✓
3. (c)Both (A) and (R) are wrong
4. (d)Both (A) and (R) are right, but (R) is not the correct reason of (A)

2. Read Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and give the correct answer by using the codes given below:

Assertion (A): The greatest shortcoming of International law is that it lacks an effective executive authority to enforce its rules.

Reason (R): Due to lack of effective sanctions, rules of International Law are frequently violated.

Codes:

1. (a)Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)✓
2. (b)Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3. (c)(A) is correct, (R) is wrong
4. (d)(A) is wrong, (R) is correct

1. Who has remarked that "it is both practically inconvenient and also contrary to the best juristic thought to deny its (International law) legal character"?

1. (a)H.L.A. Hart
2. (b)J.G. Strake
3. (c)Edward Collins
4. (d)J.L. Brierly✓

2. Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Read and choose the correct answer:

Assertion (A): 'Res Judicata', 'Estoppel', etc. are examples of the General Principles of Law recognized by civilized states.

Reason (R): In the case of diversion of water from Muese, the Permanent Court of International Justice applied 'Res Judicata' and 'Estoppel'.

Codes:

1. (a)Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not related to (A)✓
2. (b)(A) is correct, but (R) is false
3. (c)(R) is correct, but (A) is false
4. (d)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

3. Which of the following is not a "theory" propounded to explain the relationship between International Law and Municipal Law?

1. (a)Transformation Theory
2. (b)Delegation Theory
3. (c)Fiction Theory✓
4. (d)Specific Adoption Theory

1. Which of the following pair/pairs is/are correctly matched? Give correct answer by using the codes given below:

J.G. Starke – An Introduction to International Law

Hackworth – Digest of International Law

J.L. Brierly – The Changing Structure of International Law

W. Friedman – The Basis of Obligation in International Law

Codes:

1. (a)Only 2
2. (b)1 and 2 both✓
3. (c)1, 2 and 3
4. (d)1, 2, 3, and 4

3. In International Law, a good example of the application of the principle of sovereignty is the 'Theory of Auto Limitation'. The chief exponents of this theory are:

1. (a)Only Anzilotti
2. (b)Anzilotti and Triepel both✓
3. (c)Salmond
4. (d)Max Huber

1. In which of the following cases Judge Alvarez aptly remarked, "The fundamental principles of international law are passing through a serious crisis and this necessitates its reconstruction. A new international law is developing which embodies not only this reconstruction but also some entirely new elements"?

1. (a)Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case
2. (b)Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case
3. (c)Conditions of admission of a State to the United Nations✓
4. (d)International Status of South West Africa

2. Which of the following statement/statements is/are not correct?

The words 'International Law' were first used by eminent British jurist Jeremy Bentham in 1780.

J.S. Starke remarked that international law is a "living and expanding code."

Prof. Oppenheim remarked that international law is the vanishing point of jurisprudence.

Holland viewed that international law is mere positive morality.

Code:

1. (a)Only 3 is incorrect
2. (b)1 and 4 both are incorrect
3. (c)2, 3 and 4 are only incorrect✓
4. (d)1, 2, 3 and 4 all are incorrect

3. Which of the following is not a theory of relationship between international law and municipal law?

1. (a)Specific Adoption Theory
2. (b)Delegation Theory
3. (c)Declaratory Theory✓
4. (d)Monism

1. Which of the following jurists deny the legal character of international law?

1. (a)Hobbes
2. (b)Pufendorf✓
3. (c)Oppenheim
4. (d)Starke

5. Read Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and answer using the codes given below:

Assertion (A): It is a very important principle of international law that extradition for political crimes is not allowed.

Reason (R): Stoeck v. The Public Trustee is a leading case relating to non-extradition of political criminals.

Code:

1. (a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
2. (b)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. (c)A is true, but R is false✓
4. (d)A is false, but R is true

1. Which of the following statement/statements is/are correct?

Hobbes, Austin and Pufendorf subscribe to the view that law is "properly so called" when enforced by a superior political authority and hence deny the legal character of International Law.

Oppenheim has remarked that International Law is the vanishing point of Jurisprudence.

Holland subscribes to the view that International Law is really law.

Starke has expressed the view that International Law is a "Weak law".

Options:

1. (a)Only 1 is correct
2. (b)1 and 4 both are correct✓
3. (c)1, 2, and 3 are correct
4. (d)1, 2, 3, and 4 all correct

2. 'Triepel' and 'Anzilloti' are the exponents of which of the following theory of relationship between International Law and Municipal Law?

1. (a)Monism
2. (b)Dualism✓
3. (c)Specific Adoption Theory
4. (d)Delegation Theory

1. Which of the following is/are the chief exponents of the 'Theory of Consent' regarding the basis of international law?

1. (a)Jellinek, Fenwick
2. (b)J.L. Brierly, Kelsen
3. (c)Anzilotti, Triepel, Oppenheim✓
4. (d)Grotius, Vattel, Pufendorf

1. Which of the following are the chief exponents of the ‘Theory of Consent’ regarding the basis of International Law?

1. (a)Anzilotti, Triepel, Oppenheim✓
2. (b)Starke, Smith, Brierly
3. (c)Fawcett, Jellinck, Pollock
4. (d)Kelsen, Hart, Edward Collins

6. Which of the following statement/statements are true?

1. (a)In Nicaragua v. USA, the World Court by majority held that the sources of International Law are hierarchical.
2. (b)In Nicaragua v. USA, the World Court unanimously held that the sources of International Law are not hierarchical.
3. (c)In Nicaragua v. USA, the World Court by majority held that the sources of International Law are not hierarchical but necessarily complementary and interrelated.✓
4. (d)In Nicaragua v. USA, the World Court unanimously held that the sources of International Law are not hierarchical but necessarily complementary and interrelated.

10. “The law of nations is that collection of usages which civilized states have agreed to observe in their dealings with one another.” This definition of International Law is given by Lord Coleridge in:

1. (a)Queen v. Keyn✓
2. (b)West Rand Central Gold Mining Ltd. Co. v. King
3. (c)S.S. Lotus case
4. (d)A.M. Luther Co. v. Sugar and Co.

8. The words 'International Law' were first used by:

1. (a)Oppenheim
2. (b)W. Friedmann
3. (c)Austin
4. (d)Jeremy Bentham✓

4. The view that international law consisted of precepts dictated to States by natural law was advanced by:

1. (a)Kelsen
2. (b)Vattel✓
3. (c)HLA Hart
4. (d)Salmond

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

1. (a)Hart’s analysis suggests international law is a set of rules, not a system.
2. (b)Absence of basic rules of recognition in international law prevents its systematization.
3. (c)International law remains a collection of separate rules.
4. (d)Many rules of international law rest on treaty, not custom.✓

8. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

1. (a)Starke and Kelsen contend that there is both legislation and law enforcement in international law.
2. (b)According to Starke, legislation is provided by multilateral treaties in international law.
3. (c)According to Kelsen, sanctions are provided by the right of self-help and war in international law.
4. (d)Treaties and self-help can qualify as legislation and law-enforcement in a positivist sense.✓

9. Who defines law as a body of rules for human conduct within a community, which by common consent shall be enforced by external power?

1. (a)Oppenheim✓
2. (b)Austin
3. (c)Bentham
4. (d)Friedman

10. Which of the following group of jurists considered law as a command of sovereign enforced by superior authority, and hence did not treat international law as 'properly so called' law?

1. (a)Starke, Salmond, Holland
2. (b)Hart, Starke, Oppenheim
3. (c)Holland, Oppenheim, Hart
4. (d)Hobbes, Pufendorf, Austin✓

12. Which of the following statement/statements is/are correct?

(1) On 16th June, 1987, the foreign secretaries of South Asian Regional Countries entered into an agreement on extradition.

(2) Hong Kong Pact on Extradition with India was entered in the middle of June 1980.

(3) India and Germany signed an Extradition Treaty on 27 June, 2001.

(4) India and France signed an Extradition Treaty on 24 June, 2002.

Choose the most appropriate answer:

1. (a)(1), (2), (4) only
2. (b)(2), (3), (4) only
3. (c)(1), (3) only✓
4. (d)(1), (2), (3), (4)

7. Kelsen focuses on:

1. (a)Primacy of Pacta sunt servanda
2. (b)State behaviour being in conformity with customary international law✓
3. (c)Pacta sunt servanda being responsible for the growth of customary international law
4. (d)Pacta sunt servanda being independent of the principles of customary international law

9. Which of the following is correct?

1. (a)Pacta sunt servanda is an absolute principle
2. (b)Pacta sunt servanda covers unequal treaties also
3. (c)Pacta sunt servanda is not an absolute principle as it fails to explain the binding force of customary rules of international law✓
4. (d)Pacta sunt servanda explains the binding force of customary rules of international law

Who said, "International Law or the Law of Nations is the body of rules which regulate the conduct of states in their intercourse with one another"?

1. (a)Oppenheim
2. (b)Lauterpacht
3. (c)Brierly
4. (d)Kelsen✓

'The grand function of the Law of Nature was discharged in giving birth to modern International Law.' Who made this statement?

1. (a)Oppenheim
2. (b)Henry Maine✓
3. (c)Holland
4. (d)H.L.A. Hart

2. Which of the following statements are correct?

(A) In S.S. Lotus case, the PCIJ defined International Law as "principles which are in force between all independent nations"

(B) Professor Dias suggests that International law can never be called a 'Law'

(C) Lord Halsbury, when Prime Minister of England, remarked it was a misnomer to call international law as 'Law'; it should be better described as a branch of ethics

(D) Russel has defined International Law as "the aggregate of the rules to which the nations have agreed to conform to their conduct towards one another"

(E) According to Austin, International law is set and enforced by a political sovereign authority

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (a)(A), (B) and (C) only
2. (b)(A), (C) and (D) only✓
3. (c)(B), (C) and (E) only
4. (d)(B), (D) and (E) only

2. Match the List-I with List-II

List-I (Titles of Books)

A. Public International Law in Nutshell

B. Law among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law

C. Principles of Public International Law

D. Text Book on International Law

List-II (Authors)

I. J.L. Taulbee and G.V. Glahn

II. Martin Dixon

III. Thomas Buergenthal and Sean D. Murphy

IV. Ian Brownlie

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. (a)A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
2. (b)A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II✓
3. (c)A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
4. (d)A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV

3. Who coined the English phrase "International Law" for the first time?

1. (a)Plato
2. (b)Cicero
3. (c)Aristotle
4. (d)Jeremy Bentham✓

14. Match the List-I with List-II

List-I (Authors/Editors)

A. J. Crowe & K.W. Scheuber

B. Charlotte Lulf

C. Mathilde Crepin

D. Dieter Fleck and Michael Bothe

List-II (Titles of Books)

I. The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (ed), OUP

II. Persecution International Refugee Law and Refugees: A Feminist Approach

III. Conflict of Displacement and Legal Protection: Understanding Asylum, Human Rights and Refugee Law

IV. Principles of International Humanitarian Law

Choose the correct answer:

1. (a)A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
2. (b)A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
3. (c)A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
4. (d)A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I✓

5. "International law is the body of rules and principles of action which are binding upon civilised states in their relations with one another." — This definition is attributed to:

1. (a)Oppenheim
2. (b)J.L. Brierly✓
3. (c)J.G. Starke
4. (d)Jeremy Bentham

6. Match the following authors/editors with their respective books:

List-I (Authors/Editors)

A. Rainer Arnold

B. Vandana Shiva

C. Lenzerini Federico

D. Emily Crawford & Alison Pert

List-II (Books)

International Humanitarian Law

The Universalism of Human Rights

Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature & Knowledge

The Culturalisation of Human Rights Law

1. (a)A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1✓
2. (b)A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
3. (c)A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
4. (d)A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Which one of the following jurist defined International Law as, "the body of rules and principles of action which are binding upon civilized States in their relations with one another"?

1. (a)Kelsen
2. (b)Oppenheim
3. (c)Brierly✓
4. (d)Anzilotti