Unit VII · Topic 2Marriage and dissolution of marriage – Previous Year Questions

Ans. (c) : Seema v. Ashwani Kumar

Explanation: In Seema v. Ashwani Kumar (2006 SC), the Supreme Court held that citizens of all religions must get their marriage registered in the state where the marriage was solemnized.

Ans. (c) : Fasid

Explanation: Under Sunni law, a Sunni man has full right to marry a Muslim girl (of any sect) as well as a Kitabiya girl. But if a Sunni man marries a girl who is neither Muslim nor Kitabiya, then that marriage is considered irregular or Fasid. That is, marriage of a Sunni man with a non-Muslim and non-Kitabiya girl is neither void (Batil) nor completely valid (Sahih) — it is irregular (Fasid).

Here are all the extracted questions, answers and explanations in English:

Ans. (a) : valid

Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 lays down the essential conditions of marriage. Under Section 5(4), a marriage will not be valid on the ground of prohibited relationship. A brother's wife falls within prohibited relationship, but a brother's widow does not fall within prohibited relationship. Therefore the marriage is valid, but only when such custom or practice exists between the parties.

Ans. (b) : Batil (Void)

Explanation: Iddat is observed by a divorced or widowed woman. The purpose of iddat is to count or establish valid seclusion so as to determine any possible pregnancy carried by the wife before divorce. Therefore there is a prohibition on her marriage during the iddat period. If marriage (nikah) is contracted in violation of this condition, that nikah will be void.

Ans. (d) : None of the above

Explanation: In Rahmatulla v. State of U.P., the Allahabad High Court first held that talaq-e-bidat (triple talaq) is invalid as it is contrary to the commands of the Holy Quran. Therefore option (d) — none of these — is correct. Mohammad Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano is related to maintenance, and Tahira v. Ali Hussain is related to divorce.

Ans. (b) : Batil (Void)

Explanation: Prohibition of marriage on the basis of fosterage relationship is a special feature of Muslim law. If any woman other than the child's own mother breastfeeds a child under two years of age, a fosterage relationship is established between them, and marriage within such relationship is void (Batil) under Muslim law.

Ans. (c) : Partly true and partly false

Explanation: According to Muslim law, marriage between husband and wife is not solemnized only for sexual enjoyment, it is an act of ibadat — this statement is partly true and partly false, because in the Shia community, Muta marriage whose meaning is 'enjoyment' (Anand) is prevalent, and this type of marriage is contractual and temporary in Sunni community it is forbidden.

Ans. (d) : Legitimate

Explanation: Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 deals with the legitimacy of children of void and voidable marriages, according to which children born out of void or voidable marriages under sections 11 and 12 are deemed to be legitimate.

Ans. (a) : A and R above are correct

Explanation: Nikah is considered a regular and permanent form of marriage among Muslims, while Muta marriage which means 'enjoyment' is prevalent in the Shia community and this marriage is contractual and temporary.

Ans. (d) : None of the above

Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 provides the conditions of a valid marriage and Section 7 provides for religious ceremonies. A marriage performed in violation of the conditions mentioned in Section 5 will be void, voidable or punishable, but religious ceremony which is compulsory in every Hindu marriage in some form or other — a marriage performed in absence of religious ceremony is neither a valid marriage nor void nor voidable. In the absence of religious ceremony, the marriage performed is simply no marriage at all (No marriage).

Ans. (c) : Talaq-ul-Biddat

Explanation: In Muslim law, Talaq-ul-Biddat is prevalent among the Sunni community, and it is a type of irrevocable talaq. The special feature of this talaq is that once pronounced at one time, the talaq becomes complete. In Sayarabano v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court declared talaq-ul-biddat unconstitutional.

Ans. (c) : 1954

Explanation: The Special Marriage Act was passed in 1954 and came into force on 1 January 1955.

Ans. (c) : Seema v. Ashwani Kumar

Explanation: After Seema v. Ashwani Kumar, the Supreme Court directed that the marriages of Indian citizens belonging to various religions and all persons must be compulsorily registered in those states where the marriage was solemnized.

Consider the following Propositions:

A void marriage remains valid until a decree annulling it has been passed by a competent court

A void marriage is never a valid marriage and there is no necessity of any decree annulling it

Ans. (c) : II and III are correct

Explanation: According to the provisions under Sections 11 and 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1953, a void marriage is void from the beginning, it is never valid, therefore there is no need of any court order to annul it, whereas a voidable marriage is considered valid until a competent court annuls it.

Ans. (a) : Death

Explanation: The literal meaning of Iddat is 'to count'. In Muslim law, Iddat refers to the period during which a widow or divorced woman is prohibited from remarrying after divorce.

If after marriage, consummation has not taken place between husband and wife and the dissolution of marriage occurs through the death of the husband, then four months and ten days of iddat is compulsory for the widowed woman.

If dissolution of marriage occurs through divorce: (a) If consummation has already taken place between husband and wife, then iddat is three menstrual cycles. (b) If consummation has not taken place between husband and wife, then iddat does not have to be observed. (c) If the wife is pregnant at the time of dissolution of marriage, the period of iddat continues until miscarriage or birth of the child.

Ans. (a) : Valid

Explanation: If marriage between two persons is solemnized in violation of the age requirements given in Section 5(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 (girl's age not less than 18 years, boy's age not less than 21 years), such marriage will be considered valid. But every person shall be punishable for such violation under Section 18(a) with rigorous imprisonment which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees or with both.

Ans. (b) : Seema v. Ashwani Kumar

Explanation: After Seema v. Ashwani Kumar (2006), the Supreme Court held that every person who is a citizen of India and belongs to any religion, their marriage must be compulsorily registered in the state where the marriage was solemnized. After John Vallamattom v. Union of India (2003), the Supreme Court gave directions regarding the Uniform Civil Code. Githa Hariharan v. R.B.I. (2007) Supreme Court case is related to the mother being guardian.

Ans. (b) : Both (A) and (R) are correct

Explanation: Sapinda is defined under Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955. The extension of Sapinda relationship to any person extends upwards on the line of the mother three generations, and upwards on the line of the father five generations (including the third generation on the mother's side and the fifth generation on the father's side). Sapinda relationship is based on the principle of exogamy (prohibition of marriage within the clan).

Ans. (c) : an idolatress or a fire worshipper woman

Explanation: Under Sunni law, a Sunni man can marry a Muslim girl or a Kitabiya girl. Only Jewish and Christian women are included under Kitabiya. Therefore a Sunni Muslim man can marry a Jewish and Christian girl. But a Shia man can only marry a Muslim girl.

Ans. (c) : 2 and 3 are correct

Explanation: Void marriage — according to Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, if any marriage is performed in violation of clauses (1), (4) and (5) of Section 5 of this Act, it is a void marriage. A void marriage is void from the very beginning, whether it is made void or not it has no legal effect. If the other party remarries, they will not be guilty of bigamy. Voidable marriage (Section 12) — a voidable marriage is a marriage that can be annulled at the option of one party. Until it is annulled it remains a legally valid marriage, and the moment a competent court accepts the annulment and annuls it, the marriage becomes void from that moment.

Ans. (b) : Seema v. Ashwani Kumar

Explanation: The Supreme Court in Seema v. Ashwani Kumar (14 February 2006) held that all persons who are citizens of India, belonging to various religions, must compulsorily register their marriage in their respective states where the marriage was solemnized. Geeta Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999) case is related to Section 6 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956. In the judgment of this case the court held that during the lifetime of the father, the mother can also be the natural guardian of a minor boy or girl.

Ans. (c) : (A) is true, but (R) is false

Explanation: The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 prohibited polygamy and bigamy and permitted inter-caste marriage. The reason behind this change was not social pressure but the need to bring reform in Hindu society.

Ans. (c) : Ithna Ashari School

Explanation: Under Muslim law, Muta marriage is a special type of temporary marriage which only the Ithna Ashariya Shia law recognises. The relationship between a woman and a man for a fixed period in lieu of a fixed sum of money is called Muta marriage.

The term 'Hindu' denotes the person

Professing Hindu Religion

Professing Buddh, Jain or Sikh Religion

Who are not professing Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew Religion

Ans. (d) : 1, 2 and 3 are all correct

Explanation: Under Hindu law, the following persons come under the term "Hindu" — (1) Who professes Hindu religion (2) Who professes Baudh, Jain or Sikh religion (3) Who does not profess Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jewish religion

Ans. (a) : A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1

Explanation:

Restitution of Conjugal Rights — Section 9

Void Marriage — Section 11

Voidable Marriage — Section 12

Divorce — Section 13

Ans. (b) : A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Explanation:

Pre-marriage pregnancy — Voidable Marriage

Marriage within Prohibited Degree Relationship — Void Marriage

Cruelty — Ground for Divorce

When any spouse without reason withdraws from the society of the other — Restitution of Conjugal Rights

Ans. (b) : A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Explanation:

Pre-marriage pregnancy — Voidable Marriage

Marriage within Prohibited Degree Relationship — Void Marriage

Cruelty — Ground for Divorce

When spouse without reason withdraws from the society of the other — Restitution of Conjugal Rights

Ans. (b) : Principle of Exogamy

Explanation: Rules relating to Sapinda relationship are based on the principle of Exogamy. This principle is contained in Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955. Section 5 provides the essential conditions of Hindu marriage. One important condition among these is that the parties to the Hindu marriage should not be Sapindas of each other. One party to the marriage will be considered a Sapinda of the other party, if they come within five degrees on the paternal side or three degrees on the maternal side counting upwards.

Ans. (d) : neither (A) nor (B)

Explanation: Barrenness or sterility is not included among the grounds for divorce given in Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, therefore it is not a ground for divorce. Moreover, the grounds for void marriage in Section 11 and voidable marriage in Section 12 of this Act have been given. Barrenness has not been made a ground in either of them. Therefore barrenness or sterility makes a marriage neither void nor voidable.

Ans. (b) : A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

Explanation:

Ashok Hurra v. Rupa Hurra — Divorce by Mutual Consent

Bipin Chandra v. Prabhavati — Desertion

Sarla Mudugal v. Union of India — Uniform Civil Code

T. Sarita v. State of Andhra Pradesh — Restitution of Conjugal Rights

Ans. (a) : Shamim Ara v. State of UP, AIR 2002 SCR 4162

Explanation: In Shamim Ara v. State of UP, AIR 2002 SCR 4162, the Supreme Court held that 'three talaq' would be treated as 'single talaq' and would not be considered a valid talaq. In the Shayara Bano case, the Supreme Court declared triple talaq unconstitutional. Parliament has made it a punishable offence.

Ans. (c) : Grhiya Sutra

Explanation: The detailed description of the religious ceremonies of Hindu marriage is found in Grihyasutra. While Dharmasutra deals with duties related to external affairs of man, Dharmashashtra contains provisions for religious rituals, penances and legal system. Saptapadi ceremony is obligatory under these customs and ceremonies, and Saptapadi is essential for the validity of marriage wherever there is such custom and ceremony.

Ans. (c) : Saptapadi

Explanation: According to Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 — Hindu marriage may be solemnized in accordance with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party. And among the customs and ceremonies, Saptapadi ceremony is obligatory and wherever there is such custom and ceremony, Saptapadi is essential for the validity of marriage.

Ans. (d) : Legitimate but can inherit only the property of their parents

Explanation: According to Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, children born from void and voidable marriages will be legitimate (lawful/valid). But they will be heirs only to the property of their own parents.

Ans. (d) : Both (a) and (b)

Explanation: In Muslim law, Iddat refers to the period during which a widow or divorced woman is prohibited from remarrying after dissolution of marriage.

Ans. (b) : ‘A’ marrying the widow of his elder brother is void because it falls under prohibited degrees of relationship as per Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. According to Section 5(iv), such a marriage is void unless custom permits it. However, exceptions exist for custom and usage. Punishment under Section 18(b) may extend to one month imprisonment or fine up to ₹1000.

Explanation: Marriage within prohibited degrees is void unless a valid custom permits such marriage.

Ans. (c) : According to Section 12(1)(a) of the Hindu Marriage Act, if the marriage has not been consummated due to impotence of the respondent, it is a ground for nullity and can be annulled by a decree of nullity.

Explanation: Non-consummation due to impotence makes the marriage voidable and subject to annulment.

Ans. (b) : ‘Khula’ is initiated by a Muslim wife who seeks dissolution of marriage by offering consideration to the husband. It is essentially a form of divorce by purchase, where the wife gives compensation to obtain release from the marriage.

Explanation: Khula involves the wife giving consideration (often returning dower) to secure divorce from the husband.

Ans. (c) : Muta marriage is not dissolved by divorce. It can be dissolved by death, expiry of the fixed term, mutual agreement, or by Hiba-i-Mudat (gift of the remaining period).

Explanation: Divorce is not a recognized mode of dissolution for Muta marriage.

Ans. (d) : A Muslim husband can dissolve marriage by Talaq (express method), Ilia (oath of abstinence), and Zihar (injurious comparison).

Explanation: All listed methods are recognized forms through which a Muslim husband may dissolve a marriage.

Ans. (c) : Seema v. Ashwin Kumar, AIR 2006 SC 1158

Explanation: In Seema v. Ashwani Kumar (AIR 2006 SC), it was held that compulsory registration of all marriages must take place in every state where the marriage was solemnized. Section 8 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 deals with registration of marriage. Violation of it can result in a fine of up to 25 rupees.

Ans. (c) : Exogamy

Explanation: Rules relating to prohibited degree are based on the principle of Exogamy (marrying outside one's clan/group). Prohibited degree is defined in Section 3(g) of the Hindu Marriage Act.

Ans. (c) : Abdur-Rahim

Explanation: Famous Muslim jurist Abdur Rahim made the statement that in Islamic law "marriage is both an Ibadat and a Maamlat."

Ans. (c) : Both (a) and (b)

Explanation: A Muslim husband can delegate his right of talaq to his wife as well as to any other person. This is called Talaq-e-Tafweez. Even after delegating the right of Talaq-e-Tafweez to the wife, the Muslim husband can still exercise the right of talaq.

Ans. (b) : when the marriage was consummated before age of puberty

Explanation: A Muslim minor wife has the right to repudiate her marriage through Khyar-ul-Bulugh in certain circumstances. This right is available in the following circumstances: (i) When she attains the age of puberty (ii) When she is less than 18 years of age. The right of Khyar-ul-Bulugh is available to both minor husband and wife. But the right of a Muslim minor wife to repudiate the marriage ceases when such marriage was contracted by her father or father's father and the marriage was consummated after attaining the age of puberty.

Ans. (c) : May overlap each other

Explanation: Prohibited degree and Sapinda relationship may overlap each other. Sapinda kinship and prohibited degree of kinship have been defined in Section 3(f) and Section 3(g) of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 respectively.

Ans. (b) : Mohd. Yunus v. Malooki

Explanation: In Mohd. Yunus v. Malooki, the Supreme Court held that "the presence of Qazi at the time of marriage is not necessary under Muslim law."

Ans. (b) : If the bride is below 18, the consent of her guardian has been obtained

Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 does not contain this condition that if the bride is below 18 years of age, the consent of her guardian must be obtained. Violation of the age condition makes the marriage valid but punishable under Section 18(a).

Ans. (a) : True

Explanation: According to Muslim law, marriage is not only for sexual enjoyment between two spouses but it is an act of Ibadat — this statement is true. Various jurists have defined Nikah differently.

Here are all the extracted questions, answers and explanations in English:

Ans. (b) : I, III, IV, II

Explanation: Under Muslim law, the right to contract a minor in marriage belongs successively to: (1) Father (2) Grandfather (3) Brother (4) Mother

Ans. (*) : No option is correct

Explanation:

Registration of Hindu marriages — Section 8

Divorce by Mutual Consent — Section 13B

Legitimacy of children of void and voidable marriages — Section 16

Divorced persons when may marry again — Section 15

Ans. (b) : (A) and (R) both are correct

Explanation: Option of puberty is an easy process to repudiate marriage in both Hindu law and Muslim law. The only difference between the two laws is that in Muslim law, once the marriage is consummated after puberty, the option of puberty expires, whereas in Hindu law it does not expire.

Ans. (c) : Period between menstruation

Explanation: Tuhrkal refers to the period between two menstruations. It is also called the period of purity. Tuhrkal is very important for talaq in Muslim law. In Muslim law, it is necessary for the husband to give talaq to the wife during her Tuhrkal.

Ans. (a) : Talaq-i-Ahsan

Explanation: Talaq-e-Ahsan is the best way of dissolving the matrimonial contract. In this form of talaq, the husband has to pronounce talaq only once during the wife's Tuhr period. After properly pronouncing talaq, the wife has to observe iddat for three menstrual cycles or three lunar months. If during the observance of iddat a reconciliation takes place at any time, the words of talaq are revoked and the marriage is saved from breaking.

Ans. (d) : Asura

Explanation: In ancient Hindu marriage, the following types of marriages existed:

Approved forms of marriage:

Brahma marriage

Daiva marriage

Arsha marriage

Prajapatya marriage

Unapproved forms of marriage:

Asura marriage

Gandharva marriage

Rakshasa marriage

Paishacha marriage

Read Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and with the help of codes given below select the correct explanation.

Ans. (a) : Ila

Explanation: If a Muslim husband does not have sexual intercourse with his wife for four continuous months, this form of talaq is called Ila. This is one form of talaq and it can be practiced by the Muslim wife.

Ans. (a) : Both (A) and (R) are correct

Explanation: In Islam, a definite form of marriage called Nikah has been prescribed to permanently establish relationships between man and woman. The literal meaning of Nikah is "to bind each other." Whereas Muta marriage is a special type of temporary marriage which only Ithna-Ashariya Shia law recognises, which is a relationship between a woman and a man in lieu of a fixed sum of money for a fixed period.

Ans. (c) : Half-Blood

Explanation: Half-blood is defined in Section 3(c) of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, according to which when two persons are descendants of a common ancestor but by different wives, they are said to be related to each other by half-blood.

The term "Hindu" denotes the persons:

Professing Hindu religion

Professing Budha, Jain or Sikh religion

Who are not professing Muslims, Christian, Paris or jain religion

Which of the above propositions is correct?

(a) (i) and (ii) are correct and (iii) is incorrect

(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct and (i) is incorrect

(c) (i) and (iii) are incorrect but (ii) is correct

(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) all are correct

Ans. (d) : (i), (ii) and (iii) all are correct

Explanation: According to Section 2 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, every person is a Hindu, if — (1) They follow Hindu religion in any form or development. (2) They follow Jain, Buddhist or Sikh religion. (3) They do not follow Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jewish religions.

Ans. (a) : Both (A) and (R) are true

Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 lays down conditions for Hindu marriage, according to which — neither of the parties should have a living spouse at the time of marriage, and according to Section 11 such marriage is declared void. If this condition is broken, i.e., if a person marries a second wife while the first wife is alive, such marriage is void.

Ans. (b) : Batil

Explanation: Under Muslim law, marriage between persons with fosterage relationship is Batil (void). A void or null marriage is no marriage at all, it is considered an unlawful relationship whose circumstances are:

On violation of complete prohibition in marriage.

On the basis of any one of prohibited relationship, closeness and fosterage relationship between husband and wife.

Here are all the extracted questions, answers and explanations in English:

Ans. (d) : Section-12(1)(d)

Explanation: Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 provides grounds for voidable marriage. According to Section 12(1)(d), if the respondent was pregnant at the time of marriage by a person other than the petitioner, the marriage can be declared voidable under this section.

Ans. (d) : A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Explanation:

Marriage during Iddat period — Irregular

Marriage with impotent person — Voidable

Marriage below the age of 18 years — Void

Inter-caste marriage — Valid

Ans. (a) : Death of husband

Explanation: Where marriage has not been consummated, even in the case of the husband's death, it is compulsory to observe Iddat.

Ans. (c) : A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

Explanation:

Ram Narayan v. Rameshwari — Insanity

Lachman v. Meena — Desertion

Dastane v. Dastane — Cruelty

Mr. X v. Hospital Z — Venereal Diseases

Ans. (a) : Uterine Blood

Explanation: Sapinda is defined in Section 3(d) of the Hindu Marriage Act, according to which when two Hindus are descendants of the same ancestor but by different wives, they are said to be related to each other by Uterine Blood (Sahoder).

Ans. (c) : I, III and IV

Explanation: Under Shia law, Muta marriage is recognised. The word Muta means enjoyment. Muta marriage is a marriage relationship for a fixed period and it is a woman who enters into such marriage to whom the man gives some consideration. It is a temporary marriage.

Ans. (a) : A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

Explanation:

Ijma — Collective opinion of commentators

Faskh — Cancellation of marriage

Mahr-ul-misl — Customary dower

Qiyas — Opinion of one individual

Ans. (c) : Exogamy

Explanation: The principle of Sapinda is based on Exogamy (marrying outside one's clan). Sapinda relationship is defined in Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act.

Ans. (b) : inchoate divorce

Explanation: Zihar talaq is a form of inchoate (preliminary) divorce. By Zihar talaq is meant — an objectionable comparison in this form the husband compares his wife to a woman who is prohibited for him to marry, such as mother and sister.

Here are all the questions with answers and explanations:

Propositions are:

A void marriage remains valid until a decree annulling it has been passed by a competent court.

A void marriage is never a valid marriage and there is no necessity of any decree annulling it.

A voidable marriage is a valid subsisting marriage until a decree annulling it has been passed by a court of competent jurisdiction.

Which of the above propositions is correct? (a) I and III are correct, but II is incorrect (b) II and III are correct, but I is incorrect (c) I and III are incorrect, but II is correct (d) I and II are incorrect, but III is correct

Ans. (b) : II and III are correct, but I is incorrect Explanation: Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Section 11 declares void marriages as null and void ab initio — they never had any legal existence and require no court decree to declare them invalid (Proposition II is correct). Section 12 deals with voidable marriages, which remain perfectly valid and subsisting until a decree of nullity is obtained from a court of competent jurisdiction (Proposition III is correct). Proposition I is incorrect because a void marriage does not need any decree — it is void from the very beginning.

As per Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 the essential conditions of a Hindu marriage are:

Monogamy

Mental capacity

Ans. (d) : I, II, III and IV Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 lays down all four as essential conditions for a valid Hindu marriage — Section 5(i) requires monogamy (no living spouse at the time of marriage), Section 5(ii) requires sound mental capacity, Section 5(iii) prescribes the minimum age of 21 for bridegroom and 18 for bride, and Section 5(iv) and 5(v) prohibit marriage within prohibited degrees and sapinda relationship unless custom permits. All four are mandatory conditions.

Ans. (d) : only if such woman marries another man, the marriage is consummated and he (second Husband) has divorced her Explanation: Under traditional Muslim law, after pronouncing triple talaq, the husband cannot remarry the same wife unless she undergoes Nikah Halala — she must genuinely marry another man, consummate that marriage, and be divorced by him of his own free will. Only after completing this process can the original husband remarry her. It is important to note that the Supreme Court in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2019) declared instant triple talaq (talaq-ul-biddat) as void and unconstitutional in India.

Ans. (c) : Semblance of contract and sacrament Explanation: Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, marriage is neither purely a contract nor purely a sacrament. It contains elements of both. Section 5 lays down conditions (contractual element) while Section 7 requires customary rites and ceremonies like Saptapadi (sacramental element).

Ans. (a) : A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 Explanation: Section 5 deals with conditions for a valid Hindu marriage including monogamy. Section 10 deals with judicial separation. Section 11 declares void marriages. Section 13B provides for divorce by mutual consent.

Ans. (c) : 2, 3, 4 and 1 (All four) Explanation: Under Muslim law, absolute prohibition to marry applies to consanguine relations including mother/grandmother (how high so ever), daughter/granddaughter (how low so ever), aunt/great aunt (paternal or maternal), and niece/grand niece (how low so ever). All four categories are prohibited.

The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1936 makes available the following grounds of divorce to a muslim woman:

Seven years imprisonment of the husband

No maintenance by husband for 2 years

Ans. (d) : I, II, III and IV Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 lays down all four as essential conditions for a valid Hindu marriage — monogamy (no living spouse), mental capacity, prescribed age (21 for groom, 18 for bride), and no prohibited degree or sapinda relationship unless custom permits.

Ans. (d) : only if such woman marries another man, the marriage is consummated and he (second Husband) has divorced her Explanation: Under Muslim law, after triple talaq (talaq-ul-biddat), the husband cannot remarry the same wife unless she undergoes Halala — she must marry another man, consummate that marriage, and be divorced by him. Note: The Supreme Court in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2019) declared triple talaq void and unconstitutional.

Ans. (b) : 1 and 2 Explanation: Under Section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act, bigamy is punishable only if the first marriage is valid. If the first marriage is null and void (no legal existence) or was performed without ceremonies (not a valid marriage), then the second marriage does not constitute bigamy. A voidable marriage remains valid until annulled, so marrying during its subsistence would constitute bigamy.

Ans. (c) : Either bride or bridegroom Explanation: Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides that a Hindu marriage may be solemnized in accordance with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party to the marriage. It is not necessary that both parties follow the same customs.

Ans. (d) : Valid under Shia law, but irregular under Sunni law Explanation: Under Sunni law, presence of two witnesses is an essential requirement for a valid marriage, and their absence makes the marriage irregular (fasid). However, under Shia law, witnesses are not required at the time of marriage, so absence of witnesses does not affect the validity of the marriage.

Ans. (d) : Divorce of Ila Explanation: Ila is a form of constructive divorce under Muslim law where the husband takes an oath to abstain from sexual intercourse with his wife for a period of not less than four months. Under Hanafi law, after the expiry of four months, the marriage automatically dissolves. Under Shafi and Shia law, the wife can seek divorce after this period.

Ans. (d) : a common ancestress but by different husbands Explanation: Section 3(d) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines "uterine blood" — two persons are related by uterine blood when they are descended from a common ancestress but by different husbands. This is the exact statutory definition of uterine blood relationship.

Ans. (c) : In both (a) and (b) Explanation: Under Muslim law, Iddat is the waiting period that a woman must observe after dissolution of marriage. It applies both where cohabitation was lawful (after valid marriage dissolution by divorce or death) and also where cohabitation was unlawful if pregnancy results, to establish paternity and avoid confusion of lineage.

Ans. (c) : Revocable during the period of iddat Explanation: Talaq-e-Ahsan is the most approved form of talaq. It is pronounced once during a period of tuhr (purity) when no intercourse has taken place, followed by abstinence during the iddat period. It is revocable during the entire iddat period. If not revoked before the completion of iddat, it becomes irrevocable and the marriage dissolves.

Ans. (c) : Exogamy Explanation: Sapinda relationship under Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 prohibits marriage between persons related within certain degrees of consanguinity — three generations on the mother's side and five generations on the father's side. This prohibition is based on the principle of Exogamy, which means marrying outside one's own kin group or clan. It prevents marriage between close blood relatives.

Ans. (b) : A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 Explanation: Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Section 7 prescribes the ceremonies required for a valid Hindu marriage. Section 9 provides for Restitution of Conjugal Rights. Section 15 deals with the right of divorced persons to remarry after the appeal period expires. Section 16 deals with legitimacy of children born of void and voidable marriages.

Read the following statements and answer with the help of the codes given below:

The guilty theory of divorce, on the one hand, implies a guilty party and on the other, it implies that the other party is innocent. In view of this which of the following is/are correct?

If cruelty is provoked, divorce will be refused.

If innocent party condones the acts of the guilty party, no divorce can be granted.

Ans. (a) : Only 1, 3 and 4 are correct Explanation: Muta marriage (temporary marriage) is recognized only under Shia law, not under Sunni law — making Statement 2 incorrect. It is indeed a temporary marriage (Statement 1 correct) contracted for a fixed, specified period which may range from a few hours to years (Statement 4 correct). It is recognized under Shia law (Statement 3 correct). Under Sunni law, Muta marriage is treated as irregular (fasid) or void altogether.

Ans. (b) : (1), (2) and (4) are correct, but (3) is incorrect Explanation: Proposition 1 is correct — Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act declares voidable marriages as valid until annulled by a court decree. Proposition 2 is correct — Section 11 declares void marriages as null and void ab initio requiring no decree. Proposition 3 is incorrect — a void marriage does not need any decree to make it invalid; it is void from the very beginning. Proposition 4 is correct — Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act expressly legitimizes children born of void and voidable marriages.

Ans. (c) : A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 Explanation: Seema v. Ashwani (2006) — the Supreme Court held that all marriages in India should be compulsorily registered. Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India (1999) — the Supreme Court recognized mother as natural guardian during the father's lifetime if he is not taking due care. V. Bhagat v. D Bhagat (1994) — the Supreme Court dealt with cruelty as a ground of divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act. Mohd. Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985) — the Supreme Court dealt with maintenance of a Muslim wife under Section 125 CrPC.

Ans. (d) : Free consent of the parties Explanation: Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 prescribes the following conditions for a valid Hindu marriage — monogamy (no living spouse), mental capacity (sound mind), prescribed age, no prohibited degree relationship, and no sapinda relationship. Free consent of the parties is notably absent as a condition under Section 5. Lack of free consent (fraud or force) is a ground to make a marriage voidable under Section 12, but it is not listed as a condition for validity under Section 5.

Read the following and answer with the help of codes given below:

A married Hindu male can take a child in adoption:

Only with his wife's consent.

Ans. (b) : Ahsan talak Explanation: Talaq-e-Ahsan is considered the most approved and proper form of divorce in Islam. In this form, the husband pronounces talaq only once during a period of tuhr (purity) when no intercourse has taken place, and then abstains from intercourse during the entire period of iddat. It gives maximum opportunity for reconciliation and is revocable during the iddat period. Triple talaq (talaq-al-biddat) is the most disapproved form and has been declared unconstitutional in India.

Ans. (b) : Three degrees through the mother and five degrees through the father Explanation: Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines Sapinda relationship. In the line of ascent, Sapinda relationship extends three generations upward through the mother's side (including the person themselves) and five generations upward through the father's side (including the person themselves). Marriage within these degrees is prohibited unless permitted by custom or usage.

Ans. (c) : 4 months and 10 days, or unto delivery, whichever is longer Explanation: Under Muslim law, when a marriage is dissolved by the death of the husband, the iddat period for the widow is four months and ten days. However, if she is pregnant at the time of the husband's death, the iddat extends until delivery of the child, whichever period is longer — four months ten days or until delivery. This rule applies under both Sunni and Shia law when dissolution is by death.

Ans. (c) : (1), (2) and (3) are correct, but (4) is incorrect Explanation: Under Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, a marriage is voidable on the following grounds: non-consummation due to impotence of the respondent (Section 12(1)(a)), unsoundness of mind (Section 12(1)(b)), pre-marriage pregnancy by a person other than the petitioner (Section 12(1)(d)), and consent obtained by force or fraud (Section 12(1)(c)). Conversion to non-Hindu religion is a ground for divorce under Section 13(1)(ii), not a ground for voidable marriage under Section 12. Hence Statement 4 is incorrect.

Ans. (a) : A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 Explanation: Dastane v. Dastane (1975 SC) — landmark case that defined mental cruelty as a ground of divorce. Iqbal Bano v. State U.P. (2007 SC) — dealt with maintenance of Muslim wife under Section 125 CrPC. Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2000 SC) — held that conversion to another religion to escape first marriage to commit bigamy does not dissolve the first marriage and constitutes bigamy. Harvinder Kaur v. Harmandar Singh (1983 SC) — upheld the constitutional validity of Section 9 (Restitution of Conjugal Rights).

Ans. (b) : Scheduled Tribes unless otherwise directed by the Central Government Explanation: Under Section 2 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Act applies to Hindus including Virashaivas, Lingayats, followers of Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj, and persons who are Buddhists, Jains or Sikhs by religion. However, the Act does not apply to members of any Scheduled Tribe within the meaning of Article 366(25) of the Constitution unless the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette otherwise directs.

Ans. (b) : 1, 2 and 4 are correct, but 3 is incorrect Explanation: Under Section 3 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Full blood relationship (Section 3(c)) — two persons descended from a common ancestor by the same wife (Statement 1 correct). Uterine blood (Section 3(d)) — descended from a common ancestress but by different husbands (Statement 2 correct). Half blood (Section 3(c)) — descended from a common ancestor but by different wives, not same wives (Statement 3 is incorrect; Statement 4 is correct). Statement 3 wrongly states "same wives" for half blood relationship.

Ans. (c) : His father was Christian, mother was Buddhist and he was brought up as Christian child Explanation: Under Section 2 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, a person is treated as Hindu/Buddhist/Jain/Sikh if at least one parent belongs to these religions AND the child is brought up in that faith. If the father was Christian and the mother was Buddhist but the child was brought up as a Christian child, then the child cannot be treated as Buddhist under the Act. If the same child had been brought up as a Buddhist, the Act would have applied.

Ans. (b) : A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 Explanation: Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Section 5(iii) prescribes the age of marriage (21 for bridegroom and 18 for bride). Section 13(1-A) provides breakdown grounds — non-resumption of cohabitation after judicial separation or restitution decree. Section 4 gives the overriding effect of the Act over other laws and customs. Section 8 deals with registration of Hindu marriages.

Ans. (d) : Revocable during the period of iddat Explanation: Talaq-e-Ahsan is the most approved form of divorce in Muslim law. The husband pronounces talaq once during a tuhr (period of purity) when no intercourse has taken place, and then abstains throughout the iddat period. The talaq is revocable at any time during the entire iddat period — either expressly by words or impliedly by resuming cohabitation. If not revoked before completion of iddat, it becomes irrevocable and the marriage stands dissolved. This is distinguished from Talaq-e-Hasan where talaq is pronounced in three successive tuhrs.

Here are all the questions with answers and explanations:

Ans. (b) : Valid, if the custom or usage governing each of them permits marriage between the two Explanation: Under Section 5(v) read with Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, a marriage between Sapindas is ordinarily void. However, the proviso to Section 5(v) provides an exception — if there is a custom or usage governing each of the parties that permits such a marriage, it will be treated as valid. The custom must govern both parties, not just one of them. Hence option (b) is correct.

Read the following and give correct answer with the help of codes given below:

A married Hindu female can adopt a child:

Only with the consent of her husband.

In case of void marriage, consent of husband is necessary.

In case of voidable marriage, consent of husband is not necessary.

Ans. (d) : 2 and 4 are correct, but 1 and 3 are incorrect Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect — under Muslim law, a Muslim woman cannot marry a Kitabi (People of the Book); only a Muslim man can marry a Kitabi woman. Statement 2 is correct — a Shia male can contract Muta (temporary marriage) with a fire worshipper (Parsi). Statement 3 is incorrect — a Muslim woman's marriage with a Hindu is void (not merely irregular) under both Shia and Sunni law. Statement 4 is correct — under Muslim law, a Muslim man cannot marry his niece as she falls within absolutely prohibited degrees.

Read the following statements in the light of Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 and give correct answer with the help of codes given below:

The obligation of husband to maintain his wife is co-extensive with his property.

Sec. 18(2) provides for maintenance and separate residence of wife in some conditions.

Father-in-law's obligation to maintain widowed-daughter-in-law is a personal obligation.

Ans. (c) : A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 Explanation: Vishwanath Agrawal v. Sarla Agrawal (2012) — Supreme Court dealt with mental cruelty as a ground of divorce. Geeta Maugalani v. Jogdesh Maugalani — dealt with desertion as a matrimonial ground. Manish Goel v. Rohni Goel (2010) — Supreme Court dealt with divorce by mutual consent and the cooling-off period under Section 13B. Vishnu Prakash v. Sheela Devi (2001) — dealt with Saptapadi (seven steps) as an essential ceremony for a valid Hindu marriage.

Ans. (d) : Void Explanation: Under Section 15 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, a divorced person can remarry only after the period for appeal has expired and no appeal has been filed, or if an appeal has been filed, only after the appeal is dismissed. If a Hindu contracts a second marriage during the pendency of an appeal against the divorce decree, such marriage will be void because the right to remarry has not yet accrued under the law.

Ans. (c) : Section 17 HM Act read with S. 494 IPC Explanation: In Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2000), the Supreme Court held that a married Hindu who converts to Islam merely to contract a second marriage cannot escape liability for bigamy. Such a person would be guilty under Section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act (which makes bigamy punishable) read with Section 494 of the IPC (which penalizes bigamy). Conversion does not dissolve the first marriage under Hindu law, so the second marriage is void and punishable.

Ans. (d) : Shamim Ara Case Explanation: In Shamim Ara v. State of U.P. (2002), the Supreme Court held that triple talaq pronounced all at once would be treated as a single talaq and not as a valid and effective talaq. The court emphasized that talaq must be for a reasonable cause and must be preceded by attempts at reconciliation. This was a significant step towards recognizing the abuse of triple talaq before it was finally declared void and unconstitutional in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017).

Ans. (c) : (R) is correct but (A) is incorrect Explanation: Section 20 of the Indian Contract Act provides that an agreement is void where both parties are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement — not a fact that is non-essential. Assertion (A) incorrectly states "no essential to the agreement" whereas Section 20 applies only when the mistake is about a fact essential to the agreement. Reason (R) correctly states that Section 20 of the Indian Contract Act provides for this — hence R is correct but A is incorrectly worded.

Ans. (d) : Sarabai case Explanation: In the Sarabai case (1905), the court famously held that "divorce is good in law though bad in theology." This case recognized that even though triple talaq may be theologically disapproved under Muslim law, its legal effect of dissolving the marriage is valid. This principle established the distinction between the theological/moral validity and the legal validity of talaq under Muslim personal law in India.

Ans. (b) : (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A) Explanation: Assertion (A) is correct — under Hindu law (Section 13(2)(iv) of the Hindu Marriage Act), the option of puberty is a relatively straightforward ground available to the wife to repudiate the marriage before attaining 18 years of age, without needing to prove non-consummation. Reason (R) is also correct — under Muslim law (Section 2(vii) of the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939), the option of puberty requires proof that consummation did not take place, making it a more difficult process. However, R does not explain A — they deal with two separate legal systems independently. Hence both are true but R does not explain A.

Ans. (d) : Neither valid nor void or no talaq Explanation: Talaq-ul-biddat (triple talaq pronounced at once) has been declared void and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017). An e-mailed talaq letter without witnesses saying "I divorce you" three times simultaneously would not constitute a valid talaq under any recognized form — it is neither the approved Ahsan form nor the Hasan form. Since triple talaq itself has been struck down, such an email would constitute no talaq at all — neither valid nor void in the traditional sense, but simply ineffective and legally non-existent.

Here are all the questions with answers and explanations:

Ans. (b) : Half Blood Relations Explanation: Under Section 3(c) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, two persons descended from a common ancestor but by different wives are said to be related by half blood (step-siblings). Full blood relations are those descended from a common ancestor by the same wife. Uterine blood relations are those descended from a common ancestress by different husbands. Half blood relationship arises specifically when the common link is the father but the mothers are different.

Ans. (d) : Valid but Punishable Explanation: Section 5(iii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 prescribes the minimum age for marriage — 21 years for the bridegroom and 18 years for the bride. If this condition is violated, the marriage is not void or voidable under the Act, but it is punishable under Section 18(a) which provides for imprisonment up to two years or a fine up to one lakh rupees or both. The Child Marriage Restraint Act also operates in this area. Hence such a marriage is valid but punishable.

Under sec. 2 of Dissolution of Muslim marriage Act 1939, the following grounds of divorce are available to a wife:

Whereabouts of the husband are not known for four years

Four years imprisonment of the husband

Husband has treated her with cruelty

Ans. (d) : Seema v. Ashwani Kumar Explanation: In Seema v. Ashwani Kumar (2006), the Supreme Court directed that marriages of all persons who are citizens of India, belonging to various religions, should be made compulsorily registrable in their respective states where the marriage is solemnized. The court directed the states and union territories to create rules for compulsory registration of marriages within three months. This landmark ruling aimed to protect the rights of women and children arising from marriage.

'Muta' marriage is:

A temporary marriage

Recognized under Sunni law

Recognized under Shia law

Ans. (c) : 1, 3 and 4 Explanation: Muta marriage is a form of temporary marriage recognized exclusively under Shia law (Statement 3 correct) — it is not recognized under Sunni law (Statement 2 incorrect). It is a temporary marriage (Statement 1 correct) contracted for a fixed, specified period which may range from a few hours to years in exchange for a fixed dower (Statement 4 correct). The marriage automatically dissolves at the expiry of the agreed period without any formal divorce being required.

Ans. (b) : The third generation (inclusive) through the mother and the fifth (inclusive) through the father Explanation: Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines sapinda relationship. The sapinda relationship extends three generations upward through the mother's side (inclusive of the person) and five generations upward through the father's side (inclusive of the person). The word "inclusive" is crucial here — it means the person themselves is counted as the first generation in the line of ascent.

Ans. (d) : Irregular Explanation: Under Sunni law, a marriage contracted during the period of iddat (waiting period) is irregular (fasid) — not void. An irregular marriage can be regularized upon the expiry of the iddat period. Under Shia law, however, marriage during iddat is void (batil). The distinction between void and irregular marriages is significant in Muslim law — irregular marriages can be rectified while void marriages have no legal effect whatsoever.

Ans. (a) : Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the husband can claim maintenance Explanation: Under Sections 24 and 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, either spouse — husband or wife — can claim maintenance pendente lite (interim) and permanent maintenance. Both have equal rights to claim it. Statement (b) is incorrect — Section 18(3) of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act disentitles an unchaste wife from maintenance. Statement (c) is incorrect — Section 19(2) provides that the father-in-law's liability is not personal but charged against undivided property inherited from the son. Statement (d) is incorrect — Section 3(b) of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act specifically includes marriage expenses of unmarried daughters within the definition of maintenance.

Ans. (c) : five degree through the father and three degree through the mother Explanation: Section 3(f) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines Sapinda relationship. In the line of ascent, the Sapinda relationship extends five generations upward through the father's side (inclusive of the person) and three generations upward through the mother's side (inclusive of the person). Marriage within these degrees of relationship is prohibited unless permitted by custom or usage.

Ans. (c) : Uterine blood Explanation: Section 3(d) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 defines uterine blood relationship. Two persons are said to be related to each other by uterine blood when they are descended from a common ancestress (mother) but by different husbands (fathers). This is in contrast to full blood relationship (same father, same mother) and half blood relationship (same father, different mothers). The common link in uterine blood is through the mother's side only.

Ans. (c) : Void Explanation: Under Muslim law, a woman whose husband is alive and the marriage has not been dissolved cannot contract another marriage. If such a nikah is contracted, it is void (batil) because the woman is already a married woman. The woman can remarry only after divorce and completion of the iddat period. This absolute prohibition applies under both Sunni and Shia law.

Ans. (b) : Doctrine of Mushaa is also applicable in case of disposition by Will Explanation: The doctrine of Mushaa under Muslim law applies to gifts (Hiba) of an undivided share in property — such a gift of an undivided share in divisible property is invalid under Sunni law. However, the doctrine of Mushaa does NOT apply to disposition by Will (Wasiyat). A Will of an undivided share in property is perfectly valid under Muslim law. Hence Statement (b) is incorrect and is the answer.

Ans. (b) : A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I Explanation: Under the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019: Section 3 declares talaq-ul-biddat (instant triple talaq) to be void and illegal. Section 4 provides punishment for pronouncing such talaq — imprisonment up to three years and fine. Section 6 deals with custody of minor children by the Muslim woman who has been subjected to talaq. Section 7 deals with the offence being cognizable, non-bailable, and compoundable at the instance of the wife.

Ans. (b) : Void and punishable Explanation: Under Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, a marriage in contravention of Section 5(i) — which requires that neither party has a living spouse at the time of marriage — is void. Further, Section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act makes bigamy punishable under Sections 494 and 495 of the Indian Penal Code. Thus a bigamous Hindu marriage is both void (no legal validity) and punishable (criminal consequences follow).

Ans. (b) : (B) and (D) only Explanation: Khula is a form of divorce where the wife seeks dissolution of marriage by returning the dower or other consideration to the husband — it requires mutual consent of both parties. Mubarat literally means "mutual release" — it is a divorce by complete mutual consent where both parties are equally desirous of separation. Talaq-e-Tafwid is a delegated talaq where the husband delegates his power of talaq to the wife or a third party — it is not strictly mutual consent. Lian is a form of divorce based on the husband's false accusation of adultery against the wife — it is not by common consent. Hence only Khula (B) and Mubarat (D) are divorces by common consent.

Ans. (b) : The correct matching is: A. Void marriage – Section 11, Hindu Marriage Act 1955 B. Divorce by mutual consent – Section 13B, Hindu Marriage Act 1955 C. Maintenance pendente lite – Section 24, Hindu Marriage Act 1955 D. Disposal of property – Section 27, Hindu Marriage Act 1955

Ans. (d) : As per Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, children born out of void and voidable Hindu marriages are legitimate, but such children have rights only in the property of their parents.

Ans. (b) : Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 provides that any marriage in violation of Section 5(1) (bigamy) shall be null and void. Section 16 of the Act grants legitimacy to children born out of void and voidable marriages.

Ans. (*) : As per Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Saptapadi (taking seven steps jointly by the bride and groom before the sacred fire) is a customary ritual necessary for the completion of marriage. According to Hindu scriptures, chanting of mantras is necessary during Saptapadi, and Kanyadana, Panigrahanam, and Vivah Homa are also necessary. Note: NTA has removed this question.

Ans. (d) : As per Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, bigamous marriage is void and not voidable. However, Section 16 provides that children born out of void marriages (Section 11) and voidable marriages (Section 12) are legitimate children of their parents.

Here are the extracted questions in English:

Ans. (d) : Under Muslim Law, Muta marriage is a temporary marriage recognised only by the Ithna Ashariya (Shia school). The following are the legal implications of Muta marriage: (1) No mutual right of inheritance arises between husband and wife. (2) The children of such a marriage are legitimate. (3) Talaq is not recognised in Muta marriage. (4) There is no minimum period fixed for the duration of Muta marriage. (5) There is no limit on the number of wives in Muta marriage.

Ans. (b) : Under Muslim Law, the periods of Iddat are as follows: (1) Iddat of widowhood — a widow must observe Iddat for 4 months and 10 days. (2) Iddat of divorce — if the woman has menstrual cycles, the Iddat period is 3 menstrual cycles; if she has no menstrual cycles, it is 3 lunar months. The period of Iddat begins from the date of divorce and not from the date when she comes to know about it. (3) If the marriage is irregular and consummated, the wife is bound to observe Iddat; if there is no consummation, Iddat is not required. (4) If the wife is pregnant, Iddat extends till the birth of the child or miscarriage. The husband is responsible for the maintenance of the wife during the Iddat period.

Answer: (d) Exogamy

Answer: (b) Justice Arijit Pasayat

Answer: no single key (NTA dropped this question or changed its answer key)

Answer: (b) A, B and D only

Answer: (b) (A), (B), (C) and (E) Only

Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Answer: (d) Void as his second marriage amounts to bigamy

Answer: (d) Marriage in violation of Conditions of Fosterage

Answer: (b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

Answer: (b) Imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine

Explanation: Under Section 4 of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019:

Any Muslim husband who pronounces talaq (specifically talaq-e-biddat or any other similar form of instant irrevocable divorce) upon his wife shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.